the scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries). It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental and measurement-based statistical testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises.
Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, the underlying process is frequently the same from one field to another. The process in the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypothetical explanations), deriving predictions from the hypotheses as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions.[a][4] A hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question. The hypothesis might be very specific, or it might be broad. Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments or studies. A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable, implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment or observation that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis; otherwise, the hypothesis cannot be meaningfully tested.
The interaction between respiratory pathogens and mucus
The current understanding of respiratory mucus has revealed a complexity and functionality far beyond the classical role ascribed to it. Much of this knowledge has come from studying mucins, the large, heavily glycosylated, multi-domain proteins that give mucus many of its physical properties. The interaction between mucins and respiratory pathogens is also more complicated than mere entrapment. Mucins have been revealed to play an integrated role in the host response to pathogens, both before and during the immune response, and the absence or disturbance of this role can be highly detrimental to the host. Despite the importance of mucins, current understanding of their functions is limited, which is partly due to the complexity of mucus and its interactions.
Mucus appears to be an important host barrier to influenza viruses. The NA protein of influenza has been shown to be important in evading this barrier, such that viruses with low NA activity, or viruses treated with NA inhibitors, are severely impeded by mucus in vitro. Interestingly, these viruses can still infect animals and be transmitted, however, this transmission is severely attenuated, pointing to a role of respiratory mucus in viral transmission, which is not understood. Also not understood is the potential role of mucus as a host-restriction factor for influenza viruses. In vitro data suggests that respiratory mucus could be a host restriction factor between swine and human hosts, but is this also true in vivo, and is it also true between other hosts of influenza viruses? If so, is this restriction merely due to the sialic acid content of mucus or are there other components involved? Could mucus be an important selective pressure for transmissible viruses? Answering these questions is made more difficult by the complexity of mucus and the incomplete characterization of it. Therefore, further understanding of both mucus and the mucus-influenza virus interaction is likely to continue to provide insights into influenza virus transmission, host restriction and viral adaptation to new hosts that could be invaluable in understating the genesis of new strains of influenza virus.
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TAU-2303, TAU-2212
Infusible to patients, antibodies are so powerful neutralizing the coronavirus they could eliminate the need for more vaccine boosters, peer-reviewed research says
Pneumatic Retinopexy Recovery
It takes about 3 weeks to recover from this surgery. The hardest part of the recovery is keeping the gas bubble in the right place.
You must keep your head in a certain position for most of the day and night for about 1 to 3 weeks after the surgery.
You cannot lie on your back. If you do, the bubble will move to the front of the eye and press against the lensinstead of the retina.
You must avoid air travel until your eye has healed. A change in altitude could cause the gas bubble to expand. This would increase the pressure inside the eye.
