Research suggests that toilet plume could play a contributory role in the transmission of infectious diseases.
An association between inhalable bioaerosols produced from disturbed sewage and the transmission of infectious disease has been proposed for over 100 years.
The most significant toilet plume airborne infection risks are likely to be due to viruses,…
As the most contagious disease humans had ever faced, measles was virtually guaranteed after exposure.
One of the earliest accounts of measles comes from a Persian doctor named Rhazes in the 9th century, but it wasn’t until 1757 that Scottish doctor Francis Home discovered it was caused by a pathogen and first attempted to make a vaccine.
When a measles outbreak hit a boys’ boarding school about 45 minutes outside Boston in January 1954, Enders sent one of his researchers, Thomas Peebles, to collect blood samples. Peebles drew blood from infected boys,
First Measles Vaccine Was 'Toxic as Hell'. Some children had fevers so high that they had seizures.
-Hilleman
Within a month, Peebles had isolated the virus from the blood of 13-year-old David Edmonston. By 1958, the Boston Children’s team had a live virus measles vaccine to test in disabled children institutionalized at Fernald School and Willowbrook State School, where close living quarters increased infection risk during outbreaks.
But the virus in the vaccine wasn’t weak enough: Most children developed high fevers and rashes similar to mild measles.
It took more than a decade for scientists to develop a single-shot vaccine that worked to fend off the measles without causing high fevers and rashes.
After turning to other experts, researchers came up with a way to grow the vaccine safely in eggs and give the vaccine with a simultaneous shot of measles antibodies to reduce side effects. By March 21, 1963, the FDA licensed the first live virus measles vaccine, Merck’s Rubeovax.
Until the vaccine’s debut in 1963, …measles, …killed 500 Americans a year and hospitalized 48,000
Other measles vaccines were soon approved, including an inactivated (non-live) one that same month with fewer side effects but less protection. It was pulled from the market in 1968, the same year Hilleman refined the vaccine into the one used today—one without the severe side effects and which didn’t require the extra shot of measles antibodies.
"Our study provides the clearest evidence to date that T cells induced by common cold coronaviruses play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection."
Professor Ajit Lalvani, Director of the NIHR Respiratory Infections Health Protection Research Unit
“Being exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus doesn’t always result in infection, and we’ve been keen to understand why. We found that high levels of pre-existing T cells, created by the body when infected with other human coronaviruses like the common cold, can protect against COVID-19 infection.”
Dr Rhia Kundu, first author of the study, from Imperial’s National Heart & Lung Institute
…Current vaccines do not induce an immune response to these internal proteins.
Yes, it has been 94 weeks.
EXECUTIVE ORDER N-33-20
WHEREAS on March 4, 2020, I proclaimed a State of Emergency to exist in California as a result of the threat of COVID-19; and
WHEREAS in a short period of time, COVID-19 has rapidly spread throughout California, necessitating updated and more stringent guidance from federal, state, and local public health officials; and…
ORDER OF THE STATE PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICER March 19, 2020
To protect public health, I as State Public Health Officer and Director of the California Department of Public Health order all individuals living in the State of California to stay home or at their place of residence…
There are many variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some are believed, or have been stated, to be of particular importance due to their potential for increased transmissibility, increased virulence, or reduced effectiveness of vaccines against them.
…We did not find evidence that surgical-type face masks are effective in reducing laboratory-confirmed influenza transmission, either when worn by infected persons (source control) or by persons in the general community to reduce their susceptibility…
